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49 2022 ckjdß

we;eï ld,hkays oS wdl%uK iy fkdfhl=;a foaYmd,ksl f.!rj iudpdrhka mj;ajd ;sfí' j¾;udk o<od
fya;= ksidfjka fmryer jir .Kkdjlg kj;d ;enqj fmryef¾ we;eï wx.hka uykqjr md,lhka úiska tla
o kej;;a h:dmßos wdrïN lrkakg úh' Ma w;r;=r lrk ,o wx.hka fõ' ta wkqj j¾;udkfha § mj;ajkq
ld,fha o lsisu whqrlska o<od jykafiag mQfcdamydr ,nk fmryer o fmr mej;s wdldrhg fjkia jQ whqßka
lsrSu lv fkdl< w;r o<od jykafia wdrlaId lr fldgia ;=kla jYfhka mj;ajkq ,n hs' ta jd¾Isl
.ekSug tjlg isá md,lfhda iu;a jQy¡ y;r jk fmryer ux.,H m%Odk fldgia 3la Tiafia meje;afjk
ishjfia o<od jykafia ,laÈjg jevuùfuka miqj w;r oyj,a fmryer" Èh lemqï fmryer" fmryer
wNh.sß úydrhg fmryeßka jvïujd m%o¾Ykh lsÍfï ux.,H yd rkafoda,s fmryer oj,A fmryer wdrïN
pdß;%h 5 jk ishji olajd muKla mej;s nj l%s'j' 413 jkafka wia.srsfha wdodyk u¿fõ§ h' tosk wmrNd.
§ muK uydkdu rcq oji ,xldjg meñKs Ök cd;sl fha§ fmryer iE§fuka miq kshñ; fõ,djg i;r

*dyshka ysñhkaf.a foaYdgk jd¾;dfjka meyeos,s fjhs' foajd, fmryer wdodyk u¿j lrd meñfKkq we;¡
Mys § kej;;a o<od fmryer m%Odk fldg we;s i;r
fmryer hkakg úúO w¾:l:k ;sfí' fmryer
hkak f.!rjd¾:fhys fhok mohls' rfcl= lsishï uyd foajd, fmryer taldnoao ú ùÓ ixpdrh fldg iqn
jQ wdldrhlska f;afcdan, mrdl%ufhka hqla;j msßjr fudfyd;ska o<od fmryer ud,s.djg iem;a fõ¡ isjq
iys;j .uka lsÍfï§ rc;=ud fmryeßka jä;shs uyd foajd,hka o ksfhdackh lrk oj,a fmryer rd;s%
fmryer fuka u ish¨ wx.hkaf.ka iukaú; jk w;r
hkqfjka mji hs' Èjuka nqÿka úIfhys mj;ajk ,o
f.!rjh yd iudkj u o<od jykafia fjkqfjka fjki jkafka mkaoï wdf,dalh fkdue;slu muKs¡
md,lfhl=g ysñjk f.!rj olajd ;sfí' o<od fmryer oj,a fmryer ksud jq jydu rcqg th oekaúh hq;= h¡
wei< fmryer f,i o y÷kajkq Èhlemqï fmryer o<od jykafiag
,nk w;r th m%Odk fldgia 3ka isÿ lrk mQcdjla f,i fuu fmryer
iukaú;h o<odj tla ia:dkhlska m%lg fõ¡ Mh wf.daia;= ui 8 jk osk
;j;a ia:dkhlg jevuùfï rd;s% 1 úkdä 24g isß;a mßÈ Ys% Oka; Od;=
fmryer" m%o¾Yk fmryer yd ukaÈrfha fmryer isjq foajd,hkays
jd¾Ysl fmryer ux.,Hh hkqfjks' fmryer;a iuÕ msg;aj o<od ùosh
^fjdaâ ùosh& ã¡ weia fiakdkdhl
j¾;udkfha § o o<od jykafia
ùosh ^;s%l=Kduf,a ùosh& osf.a wdodyk
Wfoid mj;ajkq ,nk fmryer
ux.,Hh w;s W;al¾Ij;a whqßka u¿fõ úydrhg f.dia isß;a mßÈ
mj;ajkq ,nkakls' Èjhsfka rdcOdks Od;= lr~qj tys ;eïm;a fldg isjq
udreùfï § o<od jykafia o fï foajd,hkays fmryer foajd,hkag
tla tla rdcOdksys jevisá w;r meñK foaj mQcd meje;a jq miq
kej;;a lgq lef,a ùosh osf.a .egfò
iuld,Sk wjëkayS § md,lhka úiska
úúO wdldrfhka o<od mQfcda;aij f;dgg f.dia osh lemSfï ux.,H
mj;ajd we;s njg idys;H uQ,dY%hkays is÷ fldg wdmiq .Kfoú fldaú,g
oelafjk f;dr;=re wkqj ikd; fõ' meñK foaj fufyh bgq lrkq ,nhs'
oUfo‚ wjêfha fojk mrdl%undyq o<od fmryer ux.,H isÿ lsÍfï§
rcq ^l%s' j' 1236-1270& úiska o<od rkafoda,s fmryer wjika ú o<od
jykafia Wfoid mj;ajk ,o mQcdjka lrvqj wia.sß uyd úydrfha ;eïm;a
yd fmryer ux.,Hhka ms<sn|j o<od jykafia jevisák lr~qj lsrsfï wjia:dfõ§ Èhjvk ks,fï Mu
uydjxih W;al¾Ij;a whqßka j¾Kkh fldg ;sfí' ia:dkfha isáh hq;= fõ¡ miq Èk w¿hu jk f;la o<od
Èjhskg jevuùfuka miqj o<od jykafia kej; iñ÷kag mQfcdmydrhla oelaùug fiajd uqr kshu lsÍu o
jrla mri;=rka úiska bkaÈhdfõ mdKavH foaYhg Èhjvk ks,fï úiska bgql< hq;= lghq;a;ls¡ fï olajd
/f.k hkq ,n hs' ta hdmõj rdcOdks iufha wjidk Ma Ndr¥r ld¾hh bgql< oshjvk ks,fujre ms<sfj<ska¡
Nd.fha§ h' fldaÜfÜ iuh jk úg o<od jykafia lmqj;af; wêldrï ^1814-1816&
fjkqfjka meje;a jQ mQcdjka yd o<od jykafia jev
isá ud<s.h ms<sn|j ;;a iuhg wh;a jxil:djkays foys.u f,dl=nKaavd ks,fï ^1824-1827&
oelafjk f;dr;=re weiqßka y÷kd.; yels fõ' l=vdfud,a,sf.dv ks,fï ^1827-1828&

wjidk rdcOdks iuh jQ uykqjr wjêfha § o<od l=vdfoys.u ks,fï ^1828-1835&
jykafia Wfoid md,lhka úiska fkdfhl=;a wdldrfha
uq,af,.u wêldrï ^1835-1842&